a territory over which control is exercised. As Sultan Mehmed II conquered Constantinople (today named Istanbul) in 1453, transforming it into the new Ottoman capital, the state grew into a mighty empire, expanding deep into Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which innovation helped both the Ottoman and the Safavid empires rise to power?, Why did conquering Constantinople strengthen the Ottoman empire?, How did the Ottomans manage non-Muslim peoples that they conquered? Persons of Muslim and non-Muslim origin could achieve that status as long as they accepted the limitations involved: absolute obedience to their master and the devotion of their lives, properties, and families to his service. In the century after the death of Osman I, Ottoman rule began to extend over the Eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans. With most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule by the mid-16th century, Ottoman territory increased exponentially under Sultan Selim I, who assumed the Caliphate in 1517 as the Ottomans turned east and conquered western Arabia, Egypt, Mesopotamia and the Levant, among other territories. CONTENT SPECIFICATION:Students will map the extent of the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty at the height of their power. CONCEPTUAL UNDERSTANDING:New technologies facilitated and improved interregional travel during this era by allowing people to traverse previously prohibitive physical landscapes and waterways. Their victory over the Ottoman fleet at the Battle of Lepanto (1571) was a startling blow to the image of Ottoman invincibility. [85] The Baghdad Railway under German control was a proposal to build rail lines into Iraq. Culturally, Bayezid stimulated a strong reaction against the Christianizing trends of the previous half century. [30], However, the 17th century was not an era of stagnation and decline, but a key period in which the Ottoman state and its structures began to adapt to new pressures and new realities, internal and external. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe,15001700. KEY IDEA:THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE MING DYNASTY PRE-1600: Islam, Neo-Confucianism, and Christianity each influenced the development of regions and shaped key centers of power in the world between 1368 and 1683. The Treaty of Kk Kaynarca of 1774 ended the First Russo-Turkish War and allowed that the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled Rumanian provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia would be allowed freedom to worship. The fall of Bursa meant the loss of Byzantine control over Northwestern Anatolia. On land, the Empire was preoccupied by military campaigns in Austria and Persia, two widely separated theatres of war. The Turkmen nomads resisted the efforts of the Ottomans to expand their administrative control to all parts of the empire. Uprisings in Ottoman territory had many far-reaching consequences during the 19th century and determined much of Ottoman policy during the early 20th century. After Timur's death, his empire gradually crumbled. [4] Additionally, the tree shaded four mountain ranges, the Caucasus, the Taurus, the Atlas and the Balkan ranges. The occupation of Constantinople along with the occupation of zmir mobilized the establishment of the Turkish national movement, which won the Turkish War of Independence (191923) under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Other Ottoman provinces in North Africa were lost between 1830 and 1912, starting with Algeria (occupied by France in 1830), Tunisia (occupied by France in 1881) and Libya (occupied by Italy in 1912). Bismarck became the target of hatred of Russian nationalists and Pan-Slavists, and found that he had tied Germany too closely to Austria in the Balkans. To this aim he spent many years securing positions on the Adriatic Sea, such as in Albania Veneta, and then continued with the Ottoman invasion of Otranto and Apulia on 28 July 1480. 9.6 SQ 13 How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? earned a living as. Volume 2: Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet eds., "The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 14531603." As the Ottoman Empire gradually shrank in size, military power and wealth, many Balkan Muslims migrated to the empire's remaining territory in the Balkans or to the heartland in Anatolia. [citation needed] By 1300, a weakened Byzantine Empire had lost most of its Anatolian provinces to these Turkish principalities. A classic example is the Fountain of Ahmed III in front of the Topkap Palace. [29] With the Empire's population reaching 30,000,000 people by 1600, shortage of land placed further pressure on the government. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city after the onset of winter forced his retreat. It established the freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law. Later, in the 18th century, centralized authority within the Ottoman Empire gave way to varying degrees of provincial autonomy enjoyed by local governors and leaders. Ottoman Empire Pre-1600: SQ 3. 9.6 SQ 12 Who was Zheng He? How did the Ming Dynasty gain, consolidate, and maintain power? However, the printing press was used only by the non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire until the 18th century. Henceforth the Empire returned to its existing strategy of utilizing the Crimean Khanate as its bulwark against Russia. Bayezid II completed the effort begun by Mehmed II to replace the vassals with direct Ottoman administration throughout the empire. The most successful of those were the afavs of Ardabl, a mystic order whose Turkmen members (called Kizilbash [Redheads] because of their use of red headgear to symbolize their allegiance) had immigrated there from eastern Anatolia; the Safavid dynasty established by the afavorder used a combined religious and military appeal to conquer most of Iran. The Battle of Lepanto was far more damaging to the Ottoman navy in sapping experienced manpower than the loss of ships, which were rapidly replaced.[27]. Our units are developed through a backwards design process in which we start with the summative assessments and then create resources and formative assessments based on the content and skills students will need to be successful (SeeUnderstanding by Designby Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe). 1 / 51. But, when Bayezid I abandoned the ghazi tradition and moved into Anatolia, he lost the support of the Turkish notables and their sipahis before his new kapkulu army was fully established. This resulted in a relaxation of recruitment policy and a significant growth in Janissary corps numbers. The introduction of increased cultural rights, civil liberties and a parliamentary system during the Tanzimat proved too late to reverse the nationalistic and secessionist trends that had already been set in motion since the early 19th century. Another 5.5 million people were under nominal Ottoman rule in the Arabian peninsula.[84]. During this period in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire entered a long period of conquest and expansion, extending its borders deep into Europe and North Africa. Unfortunately, early trauma may be a risk factor for later trauma. Myth: DID is a personality disorder. 1 / 51. at its height this empire stretched from Hungary to Arabia and Mesopotamia and North Africa. After gaining some amount of autonomy during the early 1800s, Egypt had entered into a period of political turmoil by the 1880s. Money, money, money (always sunny, in a rich mans world) I was at a wedding this summer when I asked a friend of mine, who is a history professor [43], This long period of Ottoman peace and, indeed, stagnation is typically characterized by historians as an era of failed reforms. Domain. Throughout its more than 600 years of existence, the Ottoman Empire has left a profound legacy in the Middle East and Southeast Europe, as can be seen in the customs, culture, and cuisine of the various countries that were once part of its realm. The most prominent women of this period were Ksem Sultan and her daughter-in-law Turhan Hatice, whose political rivalry culminated in Ksem's murder in 1651. 1, ABC-CLIO, 2005, p.437. The Forbidden City and the Topkapi Palace served as representations of imperial might, bringing the richness and power of their respective empires into the actual world. How did the Ming Dynasty interact with European traders and Christian missionaries? Suzerainty of Serbia as a hereditary monarchy under its own dynasty was acknowledged de jure in 1830. These ego states perform different functions within a baby, toddler, or child, though, in the early years of life, a healthy mind will merge to become one whole. Ming Dynasty Pre-1600: SQ 11. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In the end, Bayezids increasingly mystic and pacific nature led the Janissaries to dethrone him in favour of his militant and active son Selim. The number of revolutionary political parties rose dramatically. [45] Earlier, the guilds of writers had denounced the printing press as "the Devil's Invention", and were responsible for a 53-year lag between its invention by Johannes Gutenberg in Europe in c. 1440 and its introduction to the Ottoman society with the first Gutenberg press in Istanbul that was established by the Sephardic Jews of Spain in 1493 (who had migrated to the Ottoman Empire a year earlier, escaping from the Spanish Inquisition of 1492.) It lost its Balkan territories except East Thrace and the historic Ottoman capital city of Adrianople during the war. Bayezid managed to conciliate the latter, however, by exposing to them his essentially pacific plans, which downgraded the devirme, leaving Cem without major support. [44] Ottoman science and technology had been highly regarded in medieval times, as a result of Ottoman scholars' synthesis of classical learning with Islamic philosophy and mathematics, and knowledge of such Chinese advances in technology as gunpowder and the magnetic compass. One of the beyliks was led by Osman I (d. 1323/4), from which the name Ottoman is derived, son of Erturul, around Eskiehir in western Anatolia. That new regular army developed the techniques of battle and siege that were used to achieve most of the 14th-century Ottoman conquests, but, because it was commanded by members of the Turkish notable class, it became the major vehicle for their rise to predominance over the sultans, whose direct military supporters were limited to the vassal contingents. 9.6 SQ 11 What impact did Neo-Confucianism have on Ming and Qing China? In any case, the need to modernise was evident to the empire's leaders by the early 19th century, and numerous administrative reforms were implemented in an attempt to forestall the decline of the empire, with varying degrees of success. What was the ethnic and religious composition of the Ottoman Empire? Roman Emperor.) In order to consolidate this claim, he would launch a campaign to conquer Rome, the western capital of the former Roman Empire. The results were first hailed as a great achievement in peacemaking and stabilisation. A rebellion that originated in Moldavia as a diversion was followed by the main revolution in the Peloponnese, which, along with the northern part of the Gulf of Corinth, became the first parts of the Ottoman empire to achieve independence (in 1829). Please highlight the citations you make by using colored text, Or underline the citations. L. S. Stavrianos, The Balkans since 1453 (London: Hurst and Co., 2000), pp. New conquests extended its domain well into central Europe and throughout the Arab portion of the old Islamic caliphate, and a new amalgam of political, religious, social, and economic organizations and traditions was institutionalized and developed into a living, working whole. They settled particularly in Istanbul, Salonika (present-day Thessalonki, Greece), and Edirne, where they joined their coreligionists in a golden age of Ottoman Jewry that lasted well into the 17th century, when Ottoman decline and the rising power of European diplomats and merchants enabled them to promote the interests of the sultans Christian subjects at the expense of Muslims and Jews alike. If you do not have access to the assessments, please fill out the form linked here. What impact did his travels have on China and other regions? SQ 1. Serbia and Montenegro finally gained complete independence, but with smaller territories. 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