Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. Nonetheless, in the unfathomable complexity of the Anglo-Irish relationship, there are no small number of historians who point the finger at the British government, not so much for acts of commission, but acts of omission. Published online by Cambridge University Press: [19] Many Batwa groups speak Bantu languages; however, a considerable portion of their vocabulary is not Bantu in origin. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. Your email address will not be published. The result of this was an extraordinarily cohesive and violent nation, glorifying in bloodshed, and celebrating with utter fanaticism the personality cult of their leader. To date, Turkey remains in denial, and the word genocide is excluded from the official description of what took place. See below. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. No, it's not. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. The Bantu people brought iron-smelting technology and subsistence farming to areas previously dominated by hunter-gatherers or early pastoralists. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. the Herero and Namaqua Genocide). As usual, the argument is one of semantics. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. It was one of the first states in Africa and paved the way for the historic Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe. When they reached the Zulu shield-wall, they were so tightly bunched they could scarcely fight. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. The Allies, as a tactic of war, exploited traditional tensions within Ottoman territories to weaken the Empire. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-ttbxf The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. It is described as one of the most momentous events in African history. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. The expansion reached South Africa, probably as early as AD 300.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake Some argue that the famine came about as an unintended consequence of the Soviet Unions rapid, perhaps too rapid industrialization, while others claim that it was a deliberate attack against Ukrainian nationalism, and as such, a textbook case of genocide. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake region; fourth, the colonization south-wards, north-westwards and north-eastwards from this extended nucleus. Of course not. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. [16] The majority of the groups of the Bamenda highlands (occupied for 2 millennia to date), somewhat south and contiguous with the Mambilla region, have an ancient history of descent from the north in the direction of the Mambilla region. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. However, mtDNA genetic research from Cabinda suggests that only haplogroups that originated in West Africa are found there today, and the distinctive L0 of the pre-Bantu population is missing, suggesting that there was a complete population replacement. The death toll attributed to the Holodomor runs to between 7 million and 10 million, which dwarves anything we have looked at so far. [32][33] By the first century BC, Bantu speaking communities in the great lakes region developed iron forging techniques that enabled them to produce carbon steel. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Irish Famine Memorial, Dublin Source: diktuo.org. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. The result was imperfect, of course, but it created the map of the Indian sub-continent that we now recognize today. Other factors promoting state-formation were increased trade among African communities and with European and Arab traders on the coasts, technological innovations in economic activity, and new techniques in the political-spiritual ritualisation of royalty as the source of national strength and health. The methods employed are by now familiar to students of genocide, and included the staples of forced labor, mass deportations, death marches, direct attack and massacre, concentration and starvation. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The Khoisan and Pygmies live in Southern and Central Africa, respectively. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. Control of East Africa was essential to the Allies as [], By Madison Moulton Looking out at the North Sea the body of water dividing Britain and the rest of Europe you would never suspect this hub of marine activity was once not a marine environment at all. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1966. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. It was only by the spurious acquisition and manipulation of treaties with native kings and rulers that most European powers took the title of Africa. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. The name of the country was changed in 1976 to Democratic Kampuchea, and Pol Pot, or Brother Number One, declared the day of victory Year Zero as he set about building his Utopian republic. The young woman, whose name was Nandi, was, with ageless injustice, cast out to give birth to her illegitimate child in exile. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. The infamous Rwandan genocide was triggered by the tensions between the Hutus and Tutsis. Over the next 500 years, Bantu-speakers moved eight times the previous distance (an average of 4000km). In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. ), A survey of the ethnography of Africa: and the former racial and tribal migrations of that continent, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Speculations on the economic prehistory of Africa, Berceaux agricoles primaires sur le continent africain, Africa: Its Peoples and their Culture History, Studies in African Linguistic Classification, Some developments in the pre-history of the Bantu languages. Furthermore, both the Khoisan and Pygmies still mostly have their own specific Y-DNA haplogroups. In this way, a chain reaction of violence and predation began that lasted from about 1815 to 1840. The root of the verb tends to remain unchanged, with either particles or auxiliary verbs expressing tenses and moods. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Any proof of their numbers? Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. Linguistic analysis suggests that the expansion proceeded in two directions: the first went across or along the Northern border of the Congo forest region (towards East Africa),[6] and the second and possibly others went south along the African coast into Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Angola, or inland along the many south-to-north flowing rivers of the Congo River system. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Numerous individual countries, however, twenty-nine in total, including forty-eight states within the United States, classify what took place as genocide. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. Answer (1 of 3): Here we go again with the Bantu Expansion and supposed "genocide" of the Khoi-Khoi and the San of Southern Africa. Fearing similar Allied manipulation of traditional Armenian hostility, the Turkish Armenian population found itself the subject of an extermination policy. Recognition is not universal, however, and a number of important countries support Turkey in this issue. Language Dispersal, Diversification, and Contact, Patterns of diversification and contact: Re-examining dispersal hypotheses, Sociolinguistic typology and the uniformitarian hypothesis, Geographical axis effects in large-scale linguistic distributions, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, Time, diversification, and dispersal on the Australian continent: Three enigmas of linguistic prehistory, Language diversity, geomorphological change, and population movements in the Sepik-Ramu basin of Papua New Guinea, The dynamics of human expansion and cultural diversification in Southeast Asia and Oceania during the Neolithic: An archeological perspective, The role of contact and language shift in the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in Africa, Language diversification and contact in Africa, The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction, Pots do not speak Bantu, but their producers did, Bantu languages spread through human migration, Language isolates and the spread of pastoralism in East Africa, Patterns of dispersal and diversification in South America, Amazonian linguistic diversity and its sociocultural correlates, Cultural phylogenetics in lowland South America, 'The Bantu Expansion: Some facts and fiction', in Mily Crevels, and Pieter Muysken (eds), Archaeological Methodology and Techniques, Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning, Literary Studies (African American Literature), Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers), Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature), Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques, Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge, Browse content in Company and Commercial Law, Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law, Private International Law and Conflict of Laws, Browse content in Legal System and Practice, Browse content in Allied Health Professions, Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology, Browse content in Science and Mathematics, Study and Communication Skills in Life Sciences, Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry, Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography, Browse content in Engineering and Technology, Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building, Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology, Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science), Environmentalist and Conservationist Organizations (Environmental Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science), Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science), Natural Disasters (Environmental Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science), Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System, Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction, Psychology Professional Development and Training, Browse content in Business and Management, Information and Communication Technologies, Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice, International and Comparative Criminology, Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics, Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs, Conservation of the Environment (Social Science), Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science), Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Social Science), Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science), Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies, Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences, Browse content in Regional and Area Studies, Browse content in Research and Information, Developmental and Physical Disabilities Social Work, Human Behaviour and the Social Environment, International and Global Issues in Social Work, Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice, Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.001.0001, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198723813.003.0013. [42][43], Manfred K. H. Eggert stated that "the current archaeological record in the Central African rainforest is extremely spotty and consequently far from convincing so as to be taken as a reflection of a steady influx of Bantu speakers into the forest, let alone movement on a larger scale."[44]. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. The Bantu expansion is a hypothesis about the history of the major series of migrations of the original Proto-Bantu -speaking group, [3] [4] which spread from an original nucleus around Central Africa across much of sub-Saharan Africa. Most of these treaties implied imperial protection in exchange for land rights. [18] From Cameroon, agricultural Proto-Bantu peoples began to migrate, and amid migration, diverged into East Bantu peoples (e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo) and West Bantu peoples (e.g. The majority of sub-Saharan Africans speak one or more Bantu languages and modern African states are heavily affected by their Bantu-migrant predecessors. Beginning around 1500BCE, members of the proto-Bantu language group migrated eastward and southward from West Africa, crossing vast swathes of the continent over hundreds of years. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. [22], Nilo-Saharan-speaking herder populations comprised a third group of the area's pre-Bantu expansion inhabitants.[23][24][25]. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. By about 1200 CE, "Bantu-ness" was a cultural and technological network across the vast trunk of Africa. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. Genocide obviously never sits well on the national conscience of any country, and so the finer points of definition are usually argued exhaustively. He was thus able to interweave his own warped ideology with the mood of a nation. If one was to point the finger at the former Soviet Union for acts of genocide, then one would be able to point in many different directions. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. That's a bold claim. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account. The most famous of this race is the San, or Bushmen. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The Israeli historian and scholar Yehuda Bauer, in probably the most frequent declaration on why it happened, proclaimed that the Holocaust was rooted in an illusionary world of Nazi imagination, where an international Jewish conspiracy to control the world was opposed to a parallel Aryan quest. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6, https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. It never happened. Thus they will have a small pool of their specific Y-DNA just by the numbers. The economic suffering of the German people that followed, and the rise of nationalism that this set in motion, created ideal circumstances for a merchant and banking class to attract the attention of a disposed population. This is simply because it was about ideological killing on a major scale, and because it was accompanied by such cruelty and such wanton human suffering. In the process, the Proto-Bantu-speaking settlers displaced or absorbed pre-existing hunter-gatherer and pastoralist groups that they encountered. [5], The expansion is believed to have taken place in at least two waves, between about 3,000 and 2,000 years ago (approximately 1,000 BC to AD 1). The Khmer Rouge regime was characterized by extreme and indiscriminate brutality. Why the Jews were targeted in particular conforms to an age-old strategy of isolating a conspicuously wealthy subculture, and placing upon it the blame for every ailment and every woe afflicting an ethnically dominant population. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. The Nazi extermination of the Jews, on the other hand, was strictly ideological and remained so until its conclusion. Other unreliable ethnic groups, such as Greeks and Assyrians, were also sucked into the maelstrom, and are now subject to separate genocide classifications. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. The raw facts of the Irish Famine are quite simple. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. . The first 500 years were spent moving a few hundred kilometers through the dense West Central African rainforest. A lot less easy to explain is the national derangement that gripped one half of Cambodia, causing it to react with such violence towards the other. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. This implied that all colonization was by invitation, which was, of course, hardly the case. Such groups as Slavs, blacks, Roma, various Soviets, prisoners of war of different shades, homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses and political opponents were all treated much the same. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The result was death and mayhem on truly epic proportions. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Designed by Elegant Themes | Powered by WordPress, Battle of One Tree Hill, Australian Frontier Wars, Australias smallest peacekeeping force in the unknown prelude to the Korean War.