In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 1796-1805. However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. It is only as historical sources look back upon these events do they began to summarize the various aspects of these uprisings as the "White Lotus rebellion. These militia groups were later instrumental in defeating the Taiping rebellion. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion, "White Lotus Rebellion Only after 1800 did Beijing adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . The White Lotus rebellion began when large groups of Chinese rioted in 1794. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. . [1] A smaller precursor to the main rebellion broke out in 1774, under the leadership of the martial-arts and herbal-healing expert Wang Lun in Shandong province of northern China. (February 22, 2023). Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. Some of these militia groups were further trained as attack armies to seek out the rebels, whose forces were thinned by offers of amnesty to the rank and file and of rewards for the capture of the leaders. The doctrine of the White Lotus includes an alleged forecast to the advent of the Buddha. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than four thousand soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Asia for Educators, Columbia University, 2009. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The nine-years long White Lotus war had devastated a large number of districts in Central China. The White Lotus is a syncretic religious and political movement which forecasts the imminent advent of the "King of Light" , i.e., the future Buddha Maitreya. Although the rebellion continued for nine years, it never became an organized attempt to establish a new dynasty. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. The Qing dynasty promoted itself as a conquering force, ruling China for 268 years before collapsing in 19111912. Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Social uprisings against the Qing began with the White Lotus uprising in 17961820. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. 3: China and Her National Minorities; Han. Updates? The White Lotus Rebellion White Lotus (Pai-lien chiao) sectarianism appealed to Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus Rebellion was put down in 1805 as a combination of military and social policies. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. Local disaffection broke out in the so-called White Lotus Rebellion of 1796-1804, which was centerd in the Szechwan- Shensi- Hupeh- Honan border regions. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Since then, this book has become an invaluable source because it has enabled scholars to understand the beliefs of these groups. }, Page last modified: that can be demarcated by a territorial boundary and identified by its distinctive clothing and language. A systematic program of pacification followed: the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militias. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. What started as a local rebellion grew into a serious political crisis, as the central government was no longer able to operate its military machine. The elites' self-proclaimed position as outsiders contributed to their eventual demise. Save up to $6,685 on one of 9 used Lotus Evora 400s in Frisco, TX. The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. The crippled Qing dynasty clung to power for another decade, behind the walls of the Forbidden City, but the Wuchang Uprising of 1911 put the final nail in the coffin when 18 provinces voted to secede from the Qing dynasty. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. This Liu Chi-hieh set up a youth named Wang Fa-sheng, whom he represented to be a member of the Chu family and a descendant of the Ming emperors, as the rightful sovereign of the people. The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. White Lotus Rebellion, Chinese anti-Manchu uprising that occurred during the Ch'ing dynasty. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. This signaled the beginning of the end for the Qing dynasty. Strong rebel leaders began to have major impacts on the ability of the Qing to rule. Where this rebellion took place and the Qing Empires reaction: Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[6]. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. Under the Ming and the Qing, the movement existed in small, secret congregations and its doctrines were spread through baojuan ("precious volumes . Soon the new migrants began to outnumber the indigenous people, and conflict over local leadership grew and grew strong. "Tianlijiao ", in. Chien-lung With its weaknesses exposed, China began to lose power over its peripheral regions. In 1805, the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion by instituting a combination of military and social policies. 22 Feb. 2023 . ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). [citation needed], For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Last edited on 14 February 2023, at 03:10, "Civilians Go into Battle: Hired Militias in the White Lotus War, 17961805", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Lotus_Rebellion&oldid=1139241640, Dai, Yingcong. In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. The rebellion grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White . Wang Lun likely failed because he did not make any attempts to raise wide public support. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. The first Chinese immigrant to the United Sta, boxer Alissa, Clarissa, kisser, Larissa, Marisa, Melissa, Orissa, reminiscer fixer, mixer, sixer convincer, mincer, pincer, rinser, wincer Amrits, White Lafitte Jos (Silvestre de los Dolores), White House Correspondents' Association Dinner 2006 Speech, White Hot: The Mysterious Murder of Thelma Todd, White Nights (Belye Nochi) by Fedor Dostoevskii, 1848, https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Encyclopedia.com. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { It broke out (1796) among impoverished settlers in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan prov. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Rather, it consisted of uncoordinated roving bands using hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. The rebellion was ended by the deaths of some 100,000 rebels. This humiliation showed all of China's subjects, neighbors, and tributaries that the once-mighty China was now weak and vulnerable. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded, they were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Within China, dissent grew, and the empire began to crumble from within. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions Administrators also seized and destroyed sectarian scriptures used by the religious groups. The White Lotus peasant rebellion broke out in 1795 (White Lotus was the name of a secret society that had first fought against the Mongols). The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. The Qianlong Emperor (r. 173596) sent Helin (, brother of Heshen) and Fuk'anggan to quell the uprising. [3] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. She has taught at the high school and university levels in the U.S. and South Korea. The White Lotus led impoverished slaves to freedom, promising personal salvation in return for their loyalty. Sun Yat-Sen emerged as China's first "professional" revolutionary, having gained an international reputation by being abducted by Qing agents in the Chinese Embassy in London in 1896. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/White-Lotus-Rebellion, Ancient Origins - The White Lotus Society and the Demise of Mongol Rule in China, GlobalSecurity.org - White Lotus Rebellion 1796-1804. After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government after eight years of fighting, it marked a sharp decline in the strength and prosperity of the Qing dynasty. Though many movements and rebellions were considered by imperial bureaucrats to have been led by White Lotus Society leaders, there is reason to doubt that the White Lotus Society had any organizational unity. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. The Red Turban Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Hngjn Qy) was an uprising influenced by the White Lotus Society members that, between 1351 and 1368, targeted the ruling Yuan Dynasty of China, eventually leading to its overthrowing. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. 5 recommendations for White Lotus Dental from neighbors in Frisco, TX. The Last Emperor, 6-year-old Puyi, formally abdicated the throne on Feb. 12, 1912, ending not only the Qing dynasty but China's millennia-long imperial period. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. Omissions? Encyclopedia.com. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under Mongol rule. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. In China, the Qing Dynasty had just put down the White Lotus Rebellion, a tax protest that ultimately killed about 16 million people a reminder that mass death and population growth don't . A White Lotus rebellion known as the Red Turban Uprising helped Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, capture Beijing, but he turned against the group once he had achieved imperial power. Eventually, the rebellion was crushed by the Qing elites; but the White Lotus organization remained secret and intact, and advocated for the overthrow of the Qing dynasty. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. "The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912." In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Because of the brutality of the Qing troops, however, the troops were soon nicknamed the "Red Lotus" Society. Ordinary Han Chinese felt little loyalty to the Qing rulers, who still presented themselves as conquering Manchus from the north. The leader, herbalist and martial artist Wang Lun, led an uprising that captured three small cities and laid siege to the larger city of Linqing, a strategic location on the north-south Grand Canal transportation route. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family.