Sunday, 9 November 1952 should be remembered as a day of infamy in South Africa's history, but few know of a brutal massacre when police opened fire on people at an ANC Youth League event in . The first time, on January 30th, 1972, it was a real event: a massacre in Derry of 13 unarmed civilians by the first . Prominent Albanian Mafioso Alex Rudaj : The boss of the Albanian Mafia's Rudaj Organization based in the New York City area. (Gang Intelligence 101), In 1997, armed Texas Syndicate members raid an El Paso bar known as La Cumbala and murder 4 people. At about 7:30 pm in the evening at the Darrington Unit day room in Rosharon, TX three Texas Mexican Mafia members Lloyd Vasquez, Jose Arturo Garcia, and Albert Carrillo were all fatally stabbed by Texas Syndicate members Lee R. Castro and Rogelio Cantu who were detained afterwards. This was the blood in and blood out membership oath which stipulated that membership was predicated on members either assaulting or murdering someone which was tasked by the prison gang to get in. A week later, a well-known event called Bloody Sunday occurred on September 8, 1985. Lulzim Krasniqi :(1863-2006) Former leader of the Albania Mafia based in Zagreb, Croatia. Albanian organized crime has created new and unique problems for law-enforcement officers around the country, even threatening to displace La Cosa Nostra (LCN) families as kingpins of U.S. crime, according to FBI officials. Letters may have contained coded messages concerning drug trafficking or other illicit activity. This moment was set during the height of prison gang violence that struck the TDCJ during the mid-1980s. He was eventually terminated from the Texas Department of Corrections. The Mexican Mafia for example, was formed in 1957 in the Deuel Vocational Institution in Tracy, California and is one of the earliest formed prison gangs to still exist, and continues to exhibit power inside and outside prisons. One of these banks was discovered by accident by the Dsseldorf police when they were checking a travel agency "Eulinda" owned by the Albanians. A week later another juror wrote Sandoval a four-page letter, expressing her chagrin that he had been put through all the agony (Draper, 1991). Fields such as criminal justice, sociology, and criminology have provided vast research into prison gangs, and more specifically Mexican American prison gangs. Daut Kadriovski : The reputed boss of one of the 15 Families, embodies the tenacity of the top Albanian drug traffickers. Dominicans. Prison gangs have existed in the Texas prison system since at least the 1970s. The Texas Mexican Mafia was initially formed in 1984 as a response to the predatory nature of the Texas Syndicate against non-member inmates. Here, it could be heard that they are even more dangerous than Cosa Nostra . The number racket controlled bookmaking and illegal gambling throughout Harlem and South Bronx making thousands of dollars a year. Director Paul Greengrass Writer Paul Greengrass Stars James Nesbitt Tim Pigott-Smith Nicholas Farrell Blacks. The murder involves a state wide war between both prison gangs. The day began with an IRA operation, organised by Michael Collins' Intelligence . On March 7, 1965, police, state troopers, and a citizen " posse " violently attacked civil rights marchers attempting to cross the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, United States. (El Paso Times) The case of Luis H. Sandoval, a prison guard in Texas during the 1980s who became allegedly involved in criminal activity for the Texas Syndicate emphasizes this complicated multi-faceted Mexican American experience within the prison setting. Giuseppe Morello became the Capo di tutti capi (or boss of bosses ), but before long he and Ignazio Saietta were arrested and charged with counterfeiting in 1910. T hirteen people were shot dead on Bloody Sunday and ensured any hope of peace was over. He ultimately lost his job, his wife divorced him, he was in a car crash during this period that left him in debt and suffering from the injuries. The Texas Syndicate's activities include drug trafficking, extortion, prostitution, protection, gambling, and contract murder. Bloody Sunday 2002 R 1 h 51 m IMDb RATING 7.6 /10 25K YOUR RATING Rate Drama History War A dramatization of the Irish civil rights protest march and subsequent massacre by British troops on January 30, 1972. New employment opportunities were too good to pass up for Sandoval and broadly speaking, for Mexican Americans. Palma Boys crew. Sandoval was caught in the crossfire of prison changes. His experiences, however, exposed other problems for Mexican Americans. The method was also wed with ideas of race because prison gangs are primarily built within racial structures. Prison gangs used this to their advantage as they pursued a more diversionary approach to committing acts of homicide. He quite simply may have wanted or needed the money. Albanian mafia The Albanian Mafia or Albanian Organized Crime are the general terms used for criminal organizations based in Albania or composed of ethnic Albanians . The victim, who was also a TS member was wrestled down and intentionally overdosed with a shot of heroin. TheTexas Syndicate(or Syndicato Tejano) is a mostly Texas-based prison gang that includes Hispanic and at one time White members (The organization at one time did allow non-Hispanic members to join, but that policy was repealed in the 1980s). The next leaders of the Morello family were brothers Vincenzo and Ciro Terranova. Away from his home and in a foreign environment, it was easy for him to fall in and develop relations with them. (Associated Press), On Austin July 2, 2001, Texas Syndicate members murder female TS associate Jove Rios for conducting business with the Mexikanemi. Either he comes out an old man or he doesnt come out at all. Mexican Americans were informed by their ethnic identity, but also by state identity as prison gangs formed. In 1993, the Barrio Azteca brutally beat and murder a Texas Syndicate member in the El Paso county jail causing the Texas Syndicate to alliance it's self with the Mexikanemi. Additionally, many prison units were being constructed as the state and the rest of the country saw a rise in inmate populations. Formed in the California prison system in the 1970s by incarcerated Tejanos, the Texas Syndicate sought protection against Californios. He was part of the new guard that was rapidly hired which attempted to respond to overcrowding and the resignation of the old guard. They developed, rose, and gained their power through the demise of the building tender system. He was fatally stabbed by confirmed Texas Syndicate member Antonio Hernandez who was serving a seventeen-year burglary conviction (Buentello, 1986). They are used for the transfer of money from Germany which amounts to a billion of D-marks a year. In the United States, Albanian gangs started to be active in the mid-80s, mostly participating in low-level crimes such as burglaries and robberies. A myriad of factors may have explained why Sandoval took on the tasks by the Texas Syndicate. This new type of exploitation of the guards was also facilitated because many new guards had been hired as mandated by law as prison rights gains were made through several prominent legal court cases, primarily Lamar v. Coffield. Thus, in many areas of Italy, the market for cannabis, prostitution, and smuggling is run mainly by Albanians. The fight was merely a distraction. The favor increased from the lighting of a cigarette to mailing letters for the inmates as they claimed to lack stamps to do so. The Texas Syndicate, a prison gang that operates in and outside of penitentiaries, is considered by state law-enforcement officials to be among the most dangerous criminal organizations in. History The 116th Street Mob In the early 1890s, a group of five brothers (Antonio, Nicholas, Giuseppe and half-brothers Vincenzo and Ciro Terranova) arrived in New York City from Corleone, Sicily. Location: Texas . Bloody Sunday, which took place on Sunday, 9 January 1905, constitutes, even today, one of the most misrepresented events in the history of Russia. When prison gang violence arose, the state was quick to blame the reforms as the cause of the violence. The larger pool of applicants paved the way for many new minority employees such as Mexican Americans to join the staff of the Texas prison system. The guard or staff member is now confronted with facing possible repercussions from prison administrators. The Texas Syndicate's golden rule is as simple as it is merciless: Betray us and you're dead.. This Albanian link seems to confirm that the Sacra Corona Unita and the Albanian Mafia are "partners" in Puglia/Italy and delegate several criminal activities". Mexican Americans prison gangs are the focus of this study as they have been the most disruptive and most influential in impacting Texas prison institutions and administrations. Ironically, this historical and troubling development came on the heels of the significant victories of prison reform cases which were meant to curtail the conditions of prisons, yet set the stage for prison gangs and gang violence to foment. Paul Vanden Boeynants was released (physically unharmed) a month later, on 13 February, when an undisclosed ransom was paid to the perpetrators. Before Sandoval could stand to face trial though, he fled. In July 2007, Texas Syndicate members murder Marcelino "Mars" Rodriguez Torres in Mc Allen, Texas after the gang suspects Rodriguez is a police informant. The Texas Syndicate or Syndicato Tejano was the first prison gang to heavily impact the prison system in Texas. Sandoval was hired as part of the new guard force that was coming in and was separate from the old guard who had largely stayed to themselves, was predominately white, and had strong rapport with the building tenders. Albanian organized crime is active in Albania , the United States , and the European Union (EU) countries, participating in a diverse range of criminal enterprises including drug and arms trafficking . While Sandoval hid from authorities prior to the trial he wrote and sent a 24-page letter to his mother Delia Sandoval, whom he asked to then send it to members of the media. Accessed on December 12, 2018. https://statisticalatlas.com/place/Texas/Alice/Race-and-Ethnicity Coppola later moved to South Florida and effectively retired. The murder involved a cocaine deal gone badly. The gangs agree to revise the manifesto each year on May 5th. The charges leveraged were allegations that Sandoval smuggled drugs into the prison, was involved in illegal drugs or an illegal drug transaction, and that Sandoval acted as a messenger or delivery boy for any gang member (The State of Texas vs Luis H. Sandoval, 1991). Rudaj Organization The most famous Albanian criminal organization was the Rudaj Organization . In Games The videogame Grand Theft Auto IV features the "Petrela gang" a small crew of Albanian shylocks and goods smugglers. The gang felt that the mother of 3 had crossed the line and ordered TS member Magnaleno Medina to kidnap and murder her. Enver Sekiraqa : Leading person of organized crime in Kosovo, aka the boss of the bosses, who is on the Interpols wanted list for several crimes. The Rudaj Organization , also called "The Corporation", was a well known Albanian criminal organization operating in the New York City metro area. Familiarity was both good and bad. (Gang Intelligence 101), In June of 1997, the Texas Syndicate and Mexicles gang settle on a truce. These prison gang related homicides from the war between the Texas Syndicate and the Texas Mexican Mafia were not only happening in the Ellis I unit, it stretched beyond and consumed the entirety of Texas prison units. But they won't go near the Albanian mob. Employment opportunities were not plentiful in South Texas, and so the next day, a Sunday [June 23], the newlyweds threw their possessions into a suitcase and a grocery bag, and drove Sandovals Datsun to Conroe (Draper, 1991). Formed in the California prison system in the 1970s by incarcerated Tejanos, the Texas Syndicate sought protection against Californios. The Sandoval and Arredondo incident illustrated the complexity that went into relations between Mexican American guards and inmates. (Gang Intelligence 101), On Dec. 21, 2006, Texas Syndicate members are arrested for the contract killing of Julio A. Serrano. Ethnicity and state identity likewise impacted Luis H. Sandovals relationships with inmates. On Sunday, March 7, 1965, in Selma, some 600 marchers lining up behind SNCC's John Lewis and SCLC's Hosea Williams did not seem to expect much violence despite the city's notoriety for violence against the Civil Rights Movement. In this March 10, 1965, file photo, demonstrators, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., stream over an Alabama River bridge at the city limits of Selma, Ala., during a voter rights march. - Were still trying to learn about their culture and figure out what makes them tick, James Farley, FBI supervisory special agent, and expert on organized crime, says of the Albanians. Unbeknownst to Sandoval, he was entering as a prison guard during a transitional period from 1979-1986 for the TDC dubbed a Broken System, as many court cases had upended the autonomous power of the prison administration during this period. The Azteca's murder their TS victim by slamming his head through jail bars. Historically, the Mexican American population in Texas had been wrought with unfair legal and social practices that had negatively impacted this marginalized population for over a century. Simmons published in Prison Legal News October, 2004, page 39. Since the removal of the building tender system many of the old guard force resigned and left many green guards to come in and figure out the new and changing Texas prison system. The Bloody Sunday killings cast an indelible stain on British history and scarred the life of more than 30 families and the wider communities of Derry. He was twenty-one and she was fifteen. (Ortiz v. State, 93 S.W.3d 79 (Tex. Both the Texas Syndicate and Mexikanemi team up against the Barrio Azteca. members in prisons and jails state-wide, with many more on the outside. In 1993, the Barrio Azteca brutally beat and murder a Texas Syndicate member in the El Paso county jail causing the Texas Syndicate to alliance it's self with the Mexikanemi. The presdent will be there to mark 58 years since the Bloody Sunday, a violent clash between 600 civil rights marchers and white police officers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge in 1965 that served. Prison guards were rapidly hired. Director Paul Greengrass Writer Paul Greengrass Stars James Nesbitt Tim Pigott-Smith Nicholas Farrell We haven't found a single catalogue or brochure for travelling at the agency, computers were not operating, nor has the printer been ever used. According to Ioannis Michaletos, the family structure is characterized by a strong inner discipline, which is achieved by a means of punishment for every deviation from the internal rules, so that the fear should guarantee an unconditional loyalty to the family, with the provisions of the official laws considered to be secondary, not important and non-binding. On September 2, 1985 Raymond Delgado, a Texas Mexican Mafia member was murdered in the Ramsey II Unit, by the Texas Syndicate. App., 2008), In March 2002, Raza Unida members stab a Texas Syndicate member to death at the Polunsky Unit in Livingston, Texas. Two Texas Syndicate gang members were sentenced today to a combined 50 years in prison for drug trafficking in Lubbock, announced U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of Texas Erin Nealy Cox. This included its leader Alex Rudaj , and effectively ended the criminal organization. David Weeks, a special prison prosecutor stated, more than 90 percent of inmate homicides are gang-ordered and more than one-half of the assaults are the result of gang warfare (Klimko, 1987). In the 1980s, one employment pursuit was prisoner guard positions in Texas, positions which were not glowingly sought after. South Texas Syndicate in La Salle County, TX. Both the Texas Syndicate and Mexikanemi team up against the Barrio Azteca. In his testimony, Ortiz alleged that while in his cell with Hernandez, he was told about Sandovals role of leaving his post and leaving the door unlocked (Fair, 1991). Agim Gashi : Leader of an Albanian Mafia clan based out of Italy. Vincent continued operating from Brooklyn and Ciro continued expanding his operations in East Harlem and The Bronx. The pursuit of ethnic solidarity was also encapsulated within Luis Sandovals experiences, but as a prison guard and as a witness to these violent acts. (Gang Intelligence 101), In 1986, Texas Syndicate member Rogelio Hernandez murders Officer Jose Herrera during an attempted escape from the Webb County Jail. Accessed on October 10, 2018. https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/a-guard-in-gangland/ He charged that Texas prison officials have a very big stake in finding me guilty, because it will take the liability off them in the lawsuit. Sandoval testified that Arredondos family filed a $2 million lawsuit against him and the Texas Department of Criminal Justice (McKay 1991). Un-published manuscript, Texas Department of Corrections, 1986. Buentello, S. Texas Syndicate: A Review of Its Inception, Growth in Violence and Continued Threat to the TDC. May 2, 2011. While violence was a problem for both guards and inmates, there were also non-violent measures explored by prison gangs. Australia Godfather of an Albanian Mafia family 'Daut Kadriovski' gained attention of Australian Authorities after creating a drug pipeline through Albanian and Croatian communities in Sydney and Brisbane. Prison gangs were generally very isolated and closed off to non-members which generally also meant separation from non-ethnic members. Sandovals lawyer Steve Fischer argued for their removal from the murder trial. Texas Syndicate, a criminal organization whose members and associates engage in acts of violence, including murder, conspiracy to commit murder, extortion and narcotics distribution.. Bloody Sunday commemorates when, in 1965, 600 people began a march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama, demanding an end to discrimination in voter registration. In the early 1960s Mike Coppola was imprisoned on tax evasion charges and followed in the footsteps of his predecessor Ciro Terranova, being put on the shelf after his release from prison in 1963. Draper, Richard. Historically, prison gangs had been built along strict racial guidelines regarding membership, but also for those who participated in gang activity. (Gang Intelligence 101), In 1995, the Texas Syndicate declares war on a Mexican gang known as Mexicles. Plaurent "Lenti" Dervisha : On the Interpol's and FBI's most wanted list as being the leading member of a criminal organization based out of Durrs , Albania , who Albanian authorities say is the brother-in-law of Lul Berisha ;a reputed leader of one of the 15 mafia families. Concerning "loyalty", "honor" and family (blood relations and marriage being very important) most of the Albanian networks seem to be "old-fashioned". Travis McDonald, the prison prosecutor for Texas stated, Its hard to try a case against a guard in Huntsville. On Jan. 30, 1972, in the Northern Ireland town of Derry, a peaceful march involving 15,000 civil-rights marchers turned violent when British troops fired on the protesters. On February 2007, high ranking Texas Syndicate member Ernesto Medrano is sentenced to life in prison for using U.S. military flights to transport hundreds of kilos of cocaine from Columbia to Fort, Bliss Texas. He had an arranged agreement with them where profits from drug trafficking into the prison were split between himself and the Texas Syndicate. Fourteen died and 13 . On the other side of the argument, prosecutors contend that Sandoval left open a hallway and allowed the Texas Syndicate to carry out the planned murder of Joe Arredondo (McKay, 1991). (Houston Chronicle). Membership was tied to their regional home state and in this case trumped ethnicity as the only restriction towards membership. This group has lacked examination within the frameworks of mass incarceration scholarship, even as these studies continue to exponentially grow. Between 1961 and 1964, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) had led a voting registration campaign in Selma, the seat of Dallas County, Alabama, a small town with a record of consistent resistance to black voting. This study is also meant to highlight not only Mexican American prison gangs but the overall Mexican American experience for inmates and guards within the confines of the world of prisons. On January 30 . After his short stop off at Conroe, they made their way to Huntsville, the capital of the Texas Department of Corrections, and since 1989 known as the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. The Museum | Museum of Free Derry - The Museum of Free Derry is the . Total Value: $6,014,687: United Kingdom Albanian mafia gangs are believed to be largely behind sex trafficking, immigrants smuggling, as well as working with Turkish gangs in Southend-On-Sea, who control the heroin trade in the United Kingdom . Albanian gangsters were also involved in the largest cash robbery in British crime history, the 53 million (about US$92.5 million at the time of the robbery) Securitas heist in 2006. Stamps are also a form of currency within prisons. Kapllan Murat : Belgium's most notorious mobster. Soon after he began his work as a correctional officer, Sandoval witnessed his first homicide at the Ellis I Unit. This marriage took place only after Sandoval was able to attain job security with the Texas Department of Corrections as a correctional officer in Huntsville. While these prison gangs relied primarily on ethnicity and racial identity for membership, state identity informed their inclusion as well and should be noted. Russians. Tejanos were being preyed upon by California prison gangs in some of the most notorious California prisons including San Quentin and Folsom. As of 2000, the Texas Syndicate had about 19,000. members in prisons and jails state-wide, with many more on the outside. However, after the disturbance was quelled, in an adjacent room, Leonel Perezs body was found. Saviano notes that the Camorra from Naples can't understand the Russian clans , which aren't based on family ties, and feels greater affinity with the Albanian crime families. The Albanian mafia in Brussels has monopoly over activities such as "narcotics and arms deals" according to Belgian sources. They have been reported in the Federal Correctional Institute at Oakdale, Louisiana, and in San Quentin, California, with frequency. Sandovals exposure to this initial shocking experience was predicated on his need for quick employment. The complicated history of Whiteness in U.S. history has been explored in the scholarship on Mexican American history but is virtually non-existent in mass incarceration scholarship.